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Great myriapod taxonomists are not necessarily great draftsmen, while some of the most impressive drawings published are the artwork of professional illustrators, even in present times. Lewis (2009) gave a different example, in which a good illustration of Brolemann did convey a useful taxonomic detail overlooked by the author himself and which was depicted later in a subsequent work of Verhoeff. Several examples exist in the myriapod literature, but among the most striking ones is the case demonstrated by Hauser on the genus Craspedosoma Leach, 1814, which revealed that out of the 11 subspecies and 100 varieties described by Verhoeff only 9% are valid while the rest are due to observation errors. Drawing is necessarily a very subjective exercise: even when excellently performed it may still convey erroneous information, and this has led to taxonomic problems on a number of occasions. This represents a major impediment in taxonomy today, especially in the absence or inaccessibility of type material. However, older descriptions usually consisted of short diagnoses accompanied by drawings, many of which are alone unreliable for species identification. Technical limitations did not impede other forms of illustration, like the impressive paintings of Berlese in 1882 or the avant-gardist drawings of Latzel, who was the first to recognize the importance of the gonopods for identification of species of Diplopoda in 1884. Line drawings are certainly universal in taxonomy, and were the exclusive medium of illustration in earlier works. gave an account of the major advances in illustrating techniques from conventional to high throughput technologies that might be capable, when suitably employed, of delivering unprecedented insights on different biological aspects. Fisher and Dawling listed and described a number of modern and fairly accessible illustration methods used in classical taxonomy, while Walter et al. The importance of digital imaging in taxonomy has been emphasized in more than one paper, and its role in enhancing species description has been universally recognized see. From the earliest taxonomic treatments, species descriptions have nearly always been accompanied by varied kinds of visual representations, which are vital to convey information about the morphology and character states described to distinguish species. Taxonomic descriptions depend, more than any other discipline, upon illustrations. Cybertaxonomy is also enjoying healthy progress, including novel methods for species illustration, , and interactive identification keys, e.g.

Related advances in phylogenomics, formerly restricted to the biomedical field and genetic model organisms, have now forged the way to help answering questions related to evolutionary biology and overcome the gaps resulting from using single genes in most phylogenetic reconstructions e.g.

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This emerging discipline, which involves full genome or full transcriptome datasets, owes its existence to the revolutionizing progress in DNA sequencing technology, or next-generation sequencing, supplemented by a simultaneous maturation of bioinformatics. Some of the breakthroughs involve next-generation molecular techniques. Taxonomists are therefore constantly looking for methods that could accelerate the pace of species discovery and enhance conventional description methods, but only a few attempts have been made to employ modern technologies in myriapodology. Since the time of Linnaeus, approximately 1.5 million new species have been described, which–despite the widespread desire to know the species with which we share our planet–accounts for only a modest fraction of global species diversity. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. įunding: This work was supported by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Vienna. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: The 3D image data are available from the Dryad repository. Received: ApAccepted: JPublished: August 26, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Akkari et al. PLoS ONE 10(8):Įditor: Alistair Robert Evans, Monash University, AUSTRALIA Citation: Akkari N, Enghoff H, Metscher BD (2015) A New Dimension in Documenting New Species: High-Detail Imaging for Myriapod Taxonomy and First 3D Cybertype of a New Millipede Species (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae).